Syllabus for the Requirement for Trained Graduate Teachers (TGT) BIOLOGY @ FLAME INSTITUTE IN CHANDIGARH

Syllabus for the Requirement for Trained Graduate Teachers BIOLOGY

Unit – I Life Processes: Need for the Nutrition, different modes of nutrition in animals, Photosynthesis -photo system I and II, Mechanism of light and dark reactions, C3 and C4 plants and CAM plant respiration. Mechanism of aerobic respiration, fermentation, RQ, Factors affecting respiration. Transportation in Human being: body fluids, Blood and lymph. Circulatory system, Respiratory system. Transportation in plants: Ascent of sap, absorption of water, transpiration, translocation in plants. Transportation in animals – transport of CO2 & O2.Excretory system in Animals, Execration in plants.

UNIT-II Control and co- ordination : Structure and functions of central nervous system, neuron, nerve impulses and its co- ordination, reflex action, sense organs: Eye and Ear structure and functions and their defects and correction. Co-ordination in plants, plant movements, geotropism, phototropism, chemotropism, turgor pressure, movement due to growth, plants growth regulators–Auxins ,Gibberellins , Cytokinins and Abscisic acid Human endocrine and exocrine glands , Secretion of hormones and their functions.

UNIT –III The fundamental Unit of life: Essential components of living being, structure and functions of cell and its organelles. Cell divisions-mitosis and meiosis. Plant tissuesmeristemetic and permanent tissue. Anatomy of roots, stems and leaf of dicot and monocot plants, secondary growth, Animal tissues: structure and functions of tissues- Epithelial, connective, muscular and Nervous tissue.

UNIT –IV Diversity of Living Organism: – Aims and components of systematic, Introduction to identification, nomenclature, phylogeny and classification basis of classification. Texonomical Hierarchy. Plants classification: Benthem and Hooker classification, Classification of Animals: non-chordates and chordates classification and relationship of various phyla up to class, Binomial nomenclature.

UNIT-V Reproduction :- Mode of reproduction used by single celled organism , sexual reproduction in plants, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, double fertilization, incompatibility, embryo development, parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy. Sexual reproduction in cockroach and frog. Human reproductive system: gametogenesis, fertilization, development of zygote up to 3 germinal layers, general aspects of placenta, parturition. Reproductive health, problems and strategies, Family planning.

UNIT –VI Heredity and Evolution :Mendel’s Laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Pattern of inheritance: Dominant / Recessive, Sex linked inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, polygenic inheritance, Hereditary variation, multiple alleles, Sex determination, polyploidy and mutation. Gene expression (operation mode), gene transfer technology. Evolution, Interrelationship (Paleontological, morphological, embryological and biographical). Theories of evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism and modern synthetic theory of Human evolution.

 UNIT- VII Heath and Diseases: Health; diseases and their causes, types of diseases, infectious and non- infectious diseases. Prevention of diseases, immunization, inherited disease, sex-linked diseases, genetic incompatibility and genetic counselling.

UNIT-VIII Natural Resources: Our Environment, Ecosystem-structure and functions, productive energy flow, ecological succession its types and mechanism, Role of atmosphere in climate control, wind, rain, environment, pollution , global warming, green house effect, acid rain, particulate matter, polluted smog , formation of Photo chemical smog, depletion of ozone layer, Water pollution: sources and abatement, BOD, COD, Bio-magnification, soil pollutants. Recycling of wastes. Biogeochemical cycles (Gaseous and Sedimentary), Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle and sulphur cycle. Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation.

UNIT –IX Improvement in food Resources: Improvement in crop yields. Animal’s husbandry, need for intercropping crops, Plants breeding, bio- fertilizers and Bio-pesticides.

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