Triple fusion in Capsella is affected by [RPMT 1984]
(a) Fusion of male gamete with egg
(b) Fusion of male gamete with synergids
(c) Fusion of male gamete with nucellar cell
(d) Fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus
Heteroblastic means [DPMT 1985]
(a) Development of male and female structures on the same plant
(b) Development of male and female structures on different plants
(c) Vegetative and reproductive growth in different seasons
(d) Vegetative structure of young and old plants is different
Totipotent cell refers to [MP PMT 1987; CPMT 1995]
(a) An undifferentiated cells capable of developing into complete embryo
(b) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into an organ
(c) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into a system or entire plant
(d) Cells which lack the capability or differentiating into an organ or system
Sexual reproduction leads to [MP PMT 1987]
(a) Recombination (b) Parthenogenesis
(c) Apomixis (d) Polyploidy
Two rigid pointed hook-like structures are present in
[CPMT 1992]
(a) Martynia (b) Cleome
(c) Xanthium (d) Achyranthes
A plant raised from a single germinating pollen grain under cultural conditions is called a [MP PMT 1994]
(a)Haploid plant (b) Diploid plant
(c) Tetraploid plant (d) Polyploid plant
Plasmogamy refers to [AIIMS 1994]
(a) The fusion of two haploid hyphae with simultaneous nuclear fusion
(b) The fusion of two haploid hyphae without simultaneous nuclear fusion
(c) Fusion of egg cell with sperm
(d) Fusion of sperm with polar nuclei
Oogamous sexual reproduction signifies [MP PMT 1994]
(a) Fusion of similar motile gametes
(b) Fusion of dissimilar motile gametes
(c) Fusion of a motile and a non-motile gamete
(d) Fusion of similar non-motile gametes
Siphonogamy in angiosperm means [MHCET 2002]
(a) Tube like male gamets
(b) Motile male gamets
(c) Male gamets produced in a tube
(d) Male gamets are carried in a tube
Emasculation is achieved by [MP PMT 2005]
(a) Removal of stigma
(b) Removal of anthers
(c) Removal of specal and petals
(d) Removal of gynoecium
Which of these is not essential for allogamy
[Manipal 2005]
(a) Self sterility (b) Dichogamy
(c) Heterogamy (d) None of these
Who is author of book “Introduction to the Embryology” of Angiosperms [HP PMT 2005]
(a) Maheshwari (b) Birbal Sahni
(c) T.S. Mahabale (d) J.S. Singh
The arrangement of the ovules on the lacentae developed from the central axis of the ovary is called [J&K CET 2005]
(a) Parietal placentation
(b) Axile placentation
(c) Basal placentation
(d) Marginal placentation
In position of ovary is below sepals and petals stamens, the flower is called [Orissa JEE 2005]
(a) Epigynous (b) Perigynous
(c) Mesogynous (d) Metagynous
1
a
2
b
3
a
4
b
5
c
6
b
7
c
8
b
9
b
10
c
11
b
12
d
13
d
14
c
15
a
16
a
17
a
18
c
19
c
20
d
21
b
22
d
23
a
24
b
25
a
(a) Naked protoplasts of the two types are made to fuse either by electrofusion or PEG.
(b) Cells of endothecium develop fibrous thickening which is made of a cellulose with little pectin and lignin, in the form of radial bands arising from the inner tangential wall.
(c) Santalum; an ovule without integument is called ategmic.
(b) Monocarpic plants are those plants which produces flowers and fruits only once in life e.g. pea, mustard or all seasonal plants, banana.
(d) In triple fusion three nuclei get fused, two polar nuclei (which fuses to from secondary nucleus) and one male gamete.
(c) In totipotency, an undifferentiated cell of root, stem, ovary, embryo is put in nutrient culture medium then it develops in a whole plant. This process is called totipotency and such cell is regarded as totipotent cell.
(a) Sexual reproduction is the process of the development of new organisms through the formation and fusion of male and female gametes.
(a) Fruits of martynia have hard hair and spine or hooks which help them to cling to the fur of birds and animals and are carried to distant places.
(a) Guha and maheshwari reported culture of androgenic haploids of Datura innoxia.
(d) In seed plants fertilization is called siphonogamy because the male gametes are brought to the egg containing female gametophyte by a pollen tube.
(b) In axile placentation, placenta is attached to the central axis.
(a) When calyx and corolla arise from upper side of ovary it is called epigyny. Ovary is inferior and flower is epigynous.
***
Grafting of tissue or organ between individuals of different species is called [Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) Autograft (b) Isograft
(c) Xenograft (d) Allograft
(e) Intergraft
One of the plants using ‘Foliar adventitious buds’ as method for vegetative propagation is [AIEEE 2004]
(a) Banana (b) Ginger
(c) Bryophyllum (d) Calocasia
In which one pair both the plants can be vegetatively propagated by leaf pieces [CBSE PMT 2005]
(a) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe
(b) Chrysanthemum and Agave
(c) Agave and Kalanchoe
(d) Asparagus and Bryophyllum
In a type of apomixis known as adventive embryony, embryos develop directly from the [CBSE PMT 2005]
(a) Nucellus or integuments
(b) Synergids or antipodals in a embryo sac
(c) Accessary embryo sacs in the ovule
(d) Zygote
Stem cuttings are commonly used for the propagation of
[BHU 2005]
(a) Banana (b) Rose
(c) Mango (d) Cotton
Carrot is micropropagate through [Haryana PMT 2005]
(a) Embryo (b) Embryoids
(c) Shoot culture (d) Callus
The part which is grafting on stalk of another tree is called
[Haryana PMT 2005]
(a) Graft (b) Bulbil
(c) Bud (d) scion
The formation of gametophyte from the sporophyte (without meiosis) is called [AMU 2005]
(a) Apospory (b) Apogamy
(c) Agametospermy (d) None of these
Microsporogenesis
Intine of pollen grains is composed of
(a) Lipid and protein (b) Cellulose and pectin
(c) Lignin and cutin (d) Pectin and lignin
Anther is generally composed of
(a) One sporangium (b) Two sporangium
(c) Three sporangium (d) Four sporangium
A microspore mother cell forms
(a) An ovule (b) An embryo sac
(c) A pollen sac (d) Pollen grains
At the time of pollination, how many cells are formed in the pollen grains
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
Generally in the wall of the anther lobes how many middle layers are formed
(a) Seven (b) Three
(c) Six (d) Nine
Branched type of pollen tube is formed in
(a) Cucurbita (b) Salvia
(c) China rose (d) Solanum
Endothecium layer of anther lobes is present
(a) Outside the epidermis(b) Just inside the epidermis
(c) In the innermost layer (d) In the middle region
If the leaf cell has 8 chromosomes, it is most likely that
(a) Zygote will have 4 chromosomes
(b) Gametes will have 8 chromosomes
(c) Gametes will have 4 chromosomes
(d) Zygote will have 16 chromosomes
During meiosis in pollen mother cell the daughter cells are interconnected by passages. The whole structure is called
(a) Symplast (b) Plasmodesmata
(c) Syncytium (d) Coenocyte
Before dehiscence of anther
(a) Middle layers enlarge
(b) Endothecium develops fibrous thickenings
(c) Tapetum develops fibrous thickenings
(d) Epidermis degenerates
Pollinia are sac like structures
(a) Which secrete yellow substance called pollen kit
(b) Which are found in megasporangia
(c) In which anther lobes are present
(d) In which pollen grains are present in mass
Tectum, baculum, foot layer are the different parts of
(a) Microspore wall
(b) Microspore mother cell wall
(c) Megaspore wall
(d) Megaspore mother cell wall
A schematic illustration of the pollen grain is called
(a) Pollenogram (b) Palenogram
(c) Histogram (d) Parallelogram
If the developing microspore mother cells draw nourishment by contacting the tapetal cells, the type of tapetum is called
(a) Plasmodial tapetum (b) Secretory tapetum
(c) Amoeboid tapetum (d) Endothelium
The function of endothecium is
(a) Nutritional (b) Mechanical support
(c) Dehiscence (d) Protection
One pollen mother cell may produce four germinating pollen grains, each with two male nuclei and one tube nucleus. How many meiotic divisions are necessary to bring this about
(a) Two (b) One
(c) Three (d) Four
The germpores on the pollen grains are found on the
(a) Exine only (b) Intine only
(c) Both exine and intine (d) Vegetative cell
How many microspore mother cells will give rise to 256 microspores after reduction division
(a) 512 (b) 128
(c) 64 (d) 96
The type of fossil pollen grains present in the area may be helpful in the exploration of
Pollination occurs when a pollen grain [DPMT 1993]
(a) Matures and has three nuclei
(b)Lands on a stigma
(c) Releases its sperm nuclei
(d) Releases its pollen tube nucleus
In which type of flowers, stigma is rough and sticky
[NCERT 1978; CPMT 1988]
(a) Insect pollinated (b)Wind pollinated
(c) Water pollinated (d) All the above
Pollination by wind is called [KCET 2001; Manipal 2005]
(a) Geitnogamy (b) Anemophily
(c) Autogamy (d) None of the above
When pollen grains of a flower pollinate the stigma of another flower of the same plant, it is called
[AllMS 1980; BHU 1999; AMU 2005; CPMT 2005]
(a) Dichogamy (b) Herkogamy
(c) Geitnogamy (d) Autogamy
Pollination by slug and snails is called
[AIIMS 1998; CBSE PMT 2002; KCET 1994]
(a) Ornithophilous (b) Malacophilous
(c) Anemophilous (d) Chiropterophilous
Dichogamy which helps in cross pollination is a floral mechanism in which [CPMT 1989, 2000]
(a) Pollen sac and stigma are at different heights
(b) Anther and stigma mature at different times
(c) Structure of pollen sac and stigma functions as hurdles
(d) Pollen grain is unable to germinate on the stigma of the same flower
Correct definition of pollination is
[CPMT 1982; AFMC 1984, 85]
(a) Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma
(b) Germination of pollen grain
(c) Growth of pollen tube in ovule
(d) Visits of insects in flower
Self pollination means
[CPMT 1982; DPMT 1983; AFMC 1984]
(a) Occurrence of male and female sex organs in the same flower
(b) Germination of pollens within the anther
(c)Transference of pollens from anther to the stigma within the same flower
(d) Transference of pollens from one flower to another on the same plant
Which prevents self pollination [AFMC 1986; AIIMS 1992]
(a) Self sterility (b) Herkogamy
(c) Dichogamy (d) All of the above
Fig is pollinated by [MP PMT 1987]
(a) Wind
(b) Self
(c) Water
(d) Insects (Blastophaga grossorum)
In plants, in nature, autogamy is avoided since the seeds produced [JIPMER 1993]
(a) Are fewer in number
(b) Do not germinate successfully
(c) Do not produce healthy plants
(d) All the above
In bisexual flowers when the gynoecium matures earlier than the androecium, it is called [CPMT 1984]
(a) Protandry (b)Protogyny
(c) Heterogamy (d) Autogamy
The insect Blastophaga grossorum is associated with the pollination of [NCERT 1985]
(a) Mango (b) Paddy
(c) Beans (d)Ficus
Pollination by water is seen in [CPMT 1985]
(a) Nelumbium (b) Vallisneria
(c) Eichornia (d) Nymphaea
In which of the following pollination takes place by lever mechanism [BHU 1985]
(a) Salvia (b) Ficus
(c) Antirhinum (d) Ocimum
In sausage tree (Kigelia africana) the pollination takes place by
[BHU 1993]
(a) Birds (b) Bats
(c) Wind (d) Insects
Part of the gynoecium which receives the pollen is called
[AIIMS 1992; MP PMT 2004]
(a) Ovary (b) Ovule
(c) Style (d)Stigma
The allogamy is best favoured by [DPMT 1990]
(a) Homogamy (b) Cleistogamy
(c) Dicliny (d) All of the above
The pollination which occurs in one plant is [DPMT 1992]
(a) Herkogamy (b) Cleistogamy
(c) Dichogamy (d) Dicliny
A close relation between flower and pollinating agent is best exhibited by [BHU 1994]
(a) Cocos (b) Salvia
(c) Yucca (d) Avena
Pollination characteristically occurs in [BHU 1994]
(a) Angiosperms and fungi
(b) Angiosperms and gymnosperms
(c) Pteridophytes and angiosperms
(d) Bryophytes and angiosperms
The transfer of pollen grain from the stamen to the stigma of the same flower is [JIPMER 1994]
(a) Autogamy (b) Allogamy
(c) Geitnogamy (d) Xerogamy
Progeny produced as a result of cross pollination
[CMC Vellore 1994]
(a) Shows high degree of variability and is evolutionary important
(b) Is sterile
(c) Has recessive characters
(d) Is homozygous with phenotypic uniformity
Which of the following type of gynoecium is associated by wind pollination
The pollination by the birds is called
[CPMT 1993; HP PMT 2005]
(a) Ornithophily (b) Chiropterophily
(c) Entomophily (d) Malacophily
Feathery stigma is present in [BHU 1995]
(a)Wheat (b) Pea
(c) Ceasalpinia (d) Datura
The maturation of male (anthers) and female (stigma) structures at different times in the same flower (in order to reduce the possibility of self pollination) is called
[Manipal MEE 1995]
(a) Dichogamy (b) Dichotomy
(c) Dicliny (d) Dioecy
Pollination which occurs in closed flowers is known as
[AFMC 1994]
(a) Allogamy (b) Cleistogamy
(c) Dicliny (d) Protogyny
Pollination is best defined as [AFMC 1994]
(a) Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
(b) Germination of pollen grains
(c) Growth of pollen tube in ovule
(d) Visiting flowers by insects
Cross pollination in crop plant is known as
[MP PMT 1998; BHU 2002]
(a) Autogamy (b) Allogamy
(c) Cleistogamy (d) Chasmogamy
Flowers preventing self-pollination is called [KCET 1998]
(a) Dichogamy (b) Protanary
(c)Herkogamy (d) Protogyny
The mature stigma is either rough or sticky in
[RPMT 1997; AFMC 2003]
(a)All types of flowers (b) Water pollinated flowers
When anthers and stigma mature at the same time it is called [MHCET 2003; AFMC 2005]
(a) Protandry (b)Homogamy
(c) Isogamy (d) Dichogamy
For self pollination flower must be [Haryana PMT 2005]
(a) Unisexual (b) Bisexual
(c) Monosexual (d) Asexual
The process of transfer of pollen grains from another to stigmatic surface of the flower with the help of water is called
[J&K CET 2005]
(a) Anemophily (b) Zoophily
(c) Hydrophily (d) Ornithophily
Fertilization
The techinique of parasexual fusion was first discovered by
(a) Harris and Watson (b) Dudits
(c) Carlson (d) Harris and Watkins
The diagram below shows a fertilised ovule and carpel
Which numbers represent the structures which will become
(i) The future embryo
(ii) The future testa
(iii) The future micropyle of the seeds
(i) (ii) (iii)
(a) 5 3 1
(b) 7 8 4
(c) 6 3 7
(d)5 2 4
Chalazogamy is found in
(a) Cucurbita (b) Sunflower
(c)Casurina (d) Boerhavia
When the pollen tube enters through the micropyle, it is termed as [Manipal MEE 1995; CPMT 1999; MHCET 2001]
(a) Chalazogamy (b) Mesogamy
(c)Porogamy (d) None of the above
Female gametophyte of a typical dicot at the time of fertilization is
[AFMC 1976; BHU 1980; CBSE PMT 1993; AIIMS 2000]
(a) 8 celled (b) 7 celled
(c) 6 celled (d) 4 celled
Syngamy means [CBSE PMT 1991]
(a) Fusion of similar spores
(b) Fusion of dissimilar spores
(c) Fusion of cytoplasm
(d) Fusion of gametes
Double fertilization was discovered by
[CPMT 1990, 93, 96, 99; RPMT 1995;
MP PMT 1999; BHU 2003]
(a) Karl Schnarf (b) P. Maheshwari
(c)S.G. Nawaschin (d) B.G.L. Swamy
When pollen tube enters by integuments, then the process is called [CPMT 1989, 91; MHCET 2000; MP PMT 2004]
(a) Mesogamy (b) Porogamy
(c) Chalazogamy (d) Pseudogamy
Double fertilization is a characteristic of
[AFMC 1984; CPMT 1987, 93, 94; Bihar 1995; BHU 1999, 2000; Kerala CET 2003; MP PMT 2004]
(a) Gymnosperms (b) Bryophytes
(c) Angiosperms (d) Pteridophytes
Fertilization of egg takes place inside [DPMT 1993]
(a) Anther (b) Stigma
(c) Pollen tube (d) Embryo sac
Pollen tube at the time of entering embryo sac has
[BHU 1976]
(a) Four gametes (b) Three male gametes
(c)Two male gametes (d) One gametic nucleus
When pollen tube enters through the funiculus or the base of the ovule, it is called as [CPMT 1986]
(a) Chalazogamy (b) Mesogamy
(c) Isogamy (d) Porogamy
The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse as a result of
[CBSE PMT 1990]
(a) Base pair relation of DNA and RNA
(b) Formation of hydrogen bonds
(c) Mutual attraction caused by differences in electrical charges
(d)Attraction of protoplasts of egg and sperm
Number of nuclei taking part in double fertilization is
[MP PMT 1984; RPMT 1995; Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
Fusion of two dissimilar gametes is called
[DPMT 1986; DPMT 1993; AFMC 1996]
(a) Fertilization (b) Pollination
(c) Self pollination (d) Self fertilization
A pollen tube grows down the style because
[CPMT 1993; AFMC 2002]
(a) It helps in fertilization
(b) It takes nutrients from the style
(c) Filiform apparatus of synergids attracts the pollen tube
(d)Of chemical attraction
The number of nuclei migrating from each of the micropylar quartet and chalazal quartet to the centre of the normal embryo sac is [AMU 1990]
(a)One (b) Two
(c) Four (d) Number not fixed
By double fertilization is formed [MP PMT 1994, 2000]
(a) Endosperm (b) Megaspore
(c) Seed (d) Fruit
Which one of the following events in a botanical garden is never directly influenced by light [CPMT 1988, 93]
(a) Flowering (b) Photosynthesis
(c) Transpiration (d) Fertilization
How much time is generally required/taken by the pine plant from pollination to fertilization [MP PMT 1995]
(a) Four months (b) Thirteen months
(c) Two years (d) Four years
The process of fusion between male nucleus and egg nucleus is called as [MP PMT 1995]
(a) Syngamy (b) Triple fusion
(c) Double fertilization (d) Conjugation
Double fertilization was first discovered by Nawaschin (1898) in [MP PMT 1997, 2003]
(a) Lilium and Fritillaria (b) Mango and sugarcane
(c) Papaya and pea (d) Brassica and Candytuft
The phenomenon of syngamy (fertilization) in angiosperms was discovered by [RPMT 1997; AFMC 2001]
(a) Svedberg (b)Strasburger
(c) Nawaschin (d) Coulter and Chamberlin
Germination of pollen grain on the stigma is
[JIPMER 1987; BVP 2003]
(a) Autogamy (b) In vivo germination
(c) In vitro germination (d) None of these
In angiosperm, triple fusion is necessary for the formation of
[CBSE PMT 1996]
(a) Seed coat (b) Fruit wall
(c) Embryo (d) Endosperm
In an angiospermic plant, endosperm is formed due to fertilization of secondary nucleus but it is absent in some of the seeds viz. pea, bean, phaseolus (moong) etc. It is due to lack of [MP PMT 1997]
(a) Certain enzymes (b) Dicotyledonous hormone
(c) Growth hormone (d)None of the above
Growth of pollen tube towards embryo sac is
[AIIMS 2000; CPMT 2003]
(a) Geotropism (b) Thigmotaxis
(c) Chemotaxis (d) Phototaxis
Through which route the pollen tube enters the ovule
[MP PMT 2001]
(a) Chalaza (b) Micropyle
(c) Funiculus (d)All of these
The cell that divides to form two male nuclei in angiosperms is
[MHCET 2001]
(a) Vegetative cell (b) Generative cell
(c) Tube cell (d) Antheridial cell
Which of the following is without exception in angiosperms
The formation of embryo without fusion of gametes is termed, as [MP PMT 2003]
(a) Apospory (b) Isogamy
(c)Apogamy (d) Syngamy
Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion of second sperm with [Orissa JEE 2004]
(a) Antipodal cell and one synergid cell
(b) Two antipodal cells
(c) Two synergid cells
(d)Two polar nuclei
After fertilization the outer integument forms [MHCET 2004]
(a) Testa (b) Tegmen
(c) Perisperm (d) Pericarp
Triple fusion is characteristic of [Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) Thallophytes (b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperms
(e) Angiosperms
The pollen tube usually enters the embryo sac
[AIIMS 2004; CPMT 2005]
(a) Through one of the synergids
(b) By directly penetrating the egg
(c) Between one synergid and central cell
(d) By knocking off the antipodal cells
Double fertilization involves [AIIMS 2005]
(a) Fertilization of the egg by two male gametes
(b) Fertilization of two eggs in the same embryo sac by two sperms brought by one pollen tube
(c) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by different pollen tubes
(d)Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by the same pollen tube
Which of the following is not true for double fertilization
[BCECE 2005]
(a) Discovered by Nawaschin
(b) Male gamete and secondary nucleus fused to form Endosperm nucleus
(c) Endosperm nucleus is diploid
(d) Endosperm provide nutrition to embryo
Development of seed from an unfertilised egg is called
[HP PMT 2005]
(a) Vivipary (b) Parthenocarpy
(c) Apogamy (d) Apospory
Double fertilisation results in the production of
[J&K CET 2005]
(a) Haploid nucleus (b) Diploid nucleus
(c) Triploid nucleus (d) Tetraploid nucleus
Embryo and endosperm
Morphologically the white fluffy edible mass in maize is
(a) Seed coat (b) Seed
(c) Endosperm (d) Pericarp
One celled suspensor is found in
(a) Solanum (b) Hedera
(c) Petunia (d) Triticum
The endosperm in angiosperms is formed
(a) After fertilization (b) Before fertilization
(c) Along with fertilization (d) Before pollen discharge
When the inner half of the oospore after the first division develops into an embryo and outer half develops into suspensor. This type of development is called
(a) Endosporic (b) Endoscopic
(c) Exosporic (d) Exoscopic
Famous embryologist who advanced the science of embryology in India is
(a) Ramdas (b) N. Maheshwari
(c) Swaminathan (d) P. Maheshwari
Which one is an example of triploid tissue
[CPMT 1973, 78, 93, 94]
(a) Onion root
(b) Fern prothallus
(c) Maize and lily endosperm
(d) None of the above
In angiosperms, free nuclear divisions occurs during
[AFMC 1975; BHU 1977]
(a) Gamete formation (b) Embryo formation
(c) Endosperm formation (d) Flower formation
Formation, growth and development of a new individual beginning from egg is known as
[AFMC 1979; MP PMT 1999]
(a) Embryology (b) Cytology
(c) Genetics (d) Ethnobotany
The best example of polyembryony is
[BHU 1983; DPMT 2004]
(a) Cocos (b) Pea
(c) Capsicum (d)Pinus
Milky water of green coconut is
[CPMT 1990; Manipal MEE 1995; Kerala PMT 2004]
(a) Liquid nucellus
(b) Liquid of female gametophyte
(c) Liquid endosperm
(d) Liquid embryo
(e) Liquid gametes
Nucellar embryo is [AIIMS 1993; CBSE PMT 1989]
(a) Apomictic embryo (b) Amphimictic haploid
(c)Adventitive embryony (d) Amphimictic diploid
In coconut, black covering (thin layer) adherent to the kernel around the endosperm is [MP PMT 1987]
(a) Mesocarp (b) Endocarp
(c) Seed coat (d) None of these
Fusion product of polar nuclei and male gamete is
[CPMT 1986; RPMT 1995; AFMC 1999]
(a) Triple fusion
(b) Primary endosperm nucleus
(c) Zygote
(d) Secondary nucleus
Proteinaceous endosperm of maize is called [DPMT 1987]
(a) Apophysis (b) Scutellum
(c) Aleurone layer (d) None of the above
Ruminate endosperm is commonly found in seeds of
[BHU 1986, 87]
(a) Cruciferae (b) Compositae
(c) Euphorbiaceae (d)Anonaceae (Areca nut)
Dicot embryo consists of [DPMT 1993]
(a) Radicle and plumule
(b)Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and sometimes endosperm
(c) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen
(d) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons, tegmen and testa
Triploid plants can be obtained from culture of [AIIMS 1993]
(a) Pollen (b) Endosperm
(c) Ovule (d) Megaspore
The sequence of development of embryo sac is [AIIMS 1993]
Xenia and metaxenia terms are related with [AIIMS 2002]
(a) Pollen culture (b) Only endosperm
(c) Xylem and phloem (d) Pollen and endosperm
Which of the following workers are related as ecologist, palaeobotanist and embryologist [BHU 2003]
(a) B. Sahni, R. Mishra, P. Maheshwari
(b) R. Mishra, B. Sahni, P. Maheshwari
(c) B. Sahni, P. Maheshwari, R. Mishra
(d) P. Maheshwari, R. Mishra, B. Sahni
Aleurone layer in Maize is present towards
[MHCET 2003; CPMT 2005]
(a)Periphery of endosperm (b) Periphery of scutellum
(c) Periphery of coleoptile (d) Periphery of coleorhiza
Endosperm of gymnosperm is [Orissa JEE 2004]
(a) Diploid (b) Tetraploid
(c)Haploid (d) None of these
In a seed of maize, scutellum is considered as cotyledon because it [AIEEE 2004]
(a) Protects the embryo
(b) Contains food for the embryo
(c) Absorbs food materials and supplies them to the embryo
(d) Converts itself into a monocot leaf
In which one of the following would you expect to find glyoxysomes [AIIMS 2005]
(a) Endosperm of wheat (b)Endosperm of castor
(c) Palisade cells in leaf (d) Root hairs
Function of embryonal suspensor in angiosperms is to
[CPMT 2005]
(a) Serve as channel for H2O
(b) Push embryo deeper into endosperm
(c) Release growth hormones
(d) Transfer nutrients from parent sporophyte to young embryo
Which of the following inspite of being dicot lacks cotyledons [HP PMT 2005]
(a) Cuscuta (b) Pistia
(c) Dianthus (d) Ranunculus
Parthenocarpy
Bananas are seedless because they
(a) Reproduce asexually
(b) Are triploid
(c) Are sprayed with hormone
(d)Are parthenocarpic
Formation of fruits without fertilization is known as or Ovary Fruit
[CPMT 1986, 93, 97, 98; CBSE PMT 1988; JIPMER 1990; MP PMT 1994; KCET 2000; Kerala CET 2002;
AMU 2005; Haryana PMT 2005]
(a)Parthenocarpy (b) Parthenogenesis
(c) Polyembryony (d) Polygamy
The parthenogenesis refers to a fruit
[DPMT 1987, 93; NCERT 1981, 84; CPMT 1996]
(a) With seeds after pollination
(b) Without seed after pollination
(c) With viable seed after fertilization
(d) Seedless without fertilization
An example of a naturally occurring partheno-carpic fruit is
[CPMT 1988]
(a) Guava (b) Mango
(c)Banana (d) Apple
In which of the following plants, cotyledons form the first pair of leaves [AIIMS 1992]
(a) Maize (b)Castor
(c) Rice (d) Bean
Seedless fruits in Vitis are formed due to
[EAMCET 1995; MHCET 2000]
(a) Sterility (b) Double fertilization
(c) Syngamy (d)Parthenocarpy
Which of the following is parthenocarpic fruits [CPMT 1996]
(a) Orange (b) Papaya
(c) Pomegranate (d) Apple
Which plant will lose its economic value, if its fruits are produced by induced parthenocarpy
[CBSE PMT 1997; Pb. PMT 2004]
(a) Grape (b) Pomegranate
(c) Orange (d) Banana
Parthenogenesis is a term of [Orissa JEE 2005]
(a) Sexual reproduction (b) Asexual reproduction
(c) Budding (d) Regeneration
Seedless grapes are produced due to [Manipal 2005]
(a) Parthenocarpy (b) Crossing over
(c) Parthenogenesis (d) None of these
After demonstration of totipotency, a botanist wishes to produce identical plants from an angiosperm by tissue culture. The parts or tissues which are likely to yield haploid embryos are
(a) Root tips (b) Stem apices
(c) Leaves (d)Anthers
The most significant value of vegetative propagation is that
(a) It is a means of producing a large population of individuals genetically identical to the parent
(b) It ensures that the progeny are safe from attack of diseases and pests
(c) It is an ancient practice
(d) It enables rapid production of genetic variation
The microspore tetrad of angiosperm at the time of formation, are surrounded by a callose wall. Breakdown of this wall is brought about by the enzyme callase synthesized by the
(a) Tetrad cytoplasm (b) Ribosome of the tetrad
(c) Spore mother cells (d) Cells of tapetum
In angiosperms, the following events occur during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis
(i) Differentiation of megaspore mother cells
(ii) Meiosis of the megaspore mother cell
(iii) Formation of a linear tetrad
(iv) Mitotic division of the functional megaspore
The correct sequence is
(v) Degeneration of 3 megaspores
(vi) Formation of embryo sac
(vii) Fusion of polar nuclei
(a) v, i, ii, vi, vii, iii, iv
(b) iv, iii, vii, vi, ii, i, v
(c) v, i, ii, vii, vi, iv, iii
(d) v, i, ii, vi, vii, iv, iii
Cotton plug like tissue present at the mouth of the micropyle responsible for directing the pollen tube is called
(a) Carpophore (b) Trabaculae
(c)Obturator (d) Translator
The diagram below is a longitudinal section of an ovule of an angiosperm
With which of the following structures do the contents of one pollen tube fuse with
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
At what stage of endosperm development, you will observe nuclear or cellular type of endosperm
(a) When divisions starts in embryo
(b) When embryo is heart-shaped
(c) Mature stage of endosperm
(d) Just after division of primary endosperm nucleus
Micropyle allows [CPMT 1978]
(a) Pollen tube to penetrate in the ovule at the time of fertilization
(b) Activity of germination of pollen grains
(c) A pore in pollen grain
(d) The growing up of pollen grain
Which of the following statement is correct for the pollen tube [NCERT 1980; CBSE PMT 1993]
(a)It shows chemotactic movement
(b) It shows only tip growth
(c) It is composed of three non-cellular zones
(d) It shows radial cytoplasmic streaming
Even after killing the generative cell with a laser beam, the pollen grain of a flowering plant germinates and produces normal pollen tube because
[NCERT 1983; CBSE PMT 1989; JIPMER 1993]
(a) Laser beam stimulates pollen germination and pollen tube growth
(b) The laser beam does not damage the region from which pollen tube emerges
(c) The contents of killed generative cell permit germination and pollen tube growth
(d) The vegetative cell has not been damaged
After penetrating stigmatic and styler tissues, the pollen tube usually grow down towards the egg because [CPMT 1985]
(a) The egg cell attracts the pollen tube as they have dissimilar electric charge
(b)The filiform apparatus of synergids is believed to attract the pollen tube
(a) Fusion of one male gamete nucleus with egg nucleus while fusion of other male gamete nucleus with secondary nucleus
(b) Fusion of male gamete nucleus with secondary nucleus
(c) Fusion of two polar nuclei with each other
(d) Fusion of male gamete nucleus with egg nucleus
The endosperm found in angiospermic seed is different from that of gymnosperms in the sense that, in the former
[Bihar 1991]
(a) It is formed before fertilization while in the latter it is formed after fertilization
(b)It is formed after fertilization while in the latter it is formed before fertilization
(c) It is cellular while in the latter it is nuclear
(d) It is nutritive while in the latter it is protective
Sperm cells of angiosperms differ from the rest of the plant groups like gymnosperms by [AFMC 1993]
(a) In angiosperms the sperm cells are non-motile whereas in the others they are flagellate
(b) In angiosperms the sperm cells are produced in the pollen grain whereas in the rest they are produced in the antheridium
(c) In angiosperms and gymnosperms the sperm cells are non-motile whereas in the rest they are flagellated
(d) None of the above
When the pollen grains are not transferred from anthers to the stigma in flower due to the barrier or fence, it is referred as or when some natural barrier exists between androecium and gynoecium to check self pollination, it is known as
[AIIMS 1993]
(a) Heterostyly (b) Herkogamy
(c) Dichogamy (d) Cleistogamy
Which is the most logical sequence with reference to the life cycle of angiosperms [DPMT 1993]
By tissue culture, indefinite number of plants from a small amount of parental tissue can be obtained. This technique is of great economic importance as [AIIMS 1994]
(a) New species can be generated
(b) Through somaclonal variation, a large number of variants can be isolated
(c)It is a useful method to multiply genetically uniform population of elite species
(d) Homozygous diploids can be obtained
Despite high level of heterozygosity, the progeny derived from seed of a cross pollinated plant was found to be completely uniform. One reason for this may the phenomenon of [BHU 1994]
(a) Parthenocarpy (b) Apomixis
(c) Induced mutation (d) Polyploidy
Which of the following four phases, in the post emergence life of an angiospermic plant, begins just after germination of seed and ends when the plant develops the capacity to reproduce [KCET 1999]
(a) Death (b) Ageing
(c) Maturity (d) Juvenility
For pollinated ovary which is correct [BHU 1999]
(a) Accessory cells are diploid
(b) Antipodal cells are haploid
(c) Egg cell is diploid
(d) Ovule cell is haploid
If the diploid number of an angiospermic plant is 24, the number of chromosomes in the pollen grain, endosperm and integument will be [CPMT 2000]
(a) 12, 36, 12 (b) 12, 24, 36
(c) 12, 12, 36 (d) 12, 36, 24
Secondary nucleus in the middle of an embryo sac of angiosperms is [BHU 1999; AIEEE 2003]
(a) Diploid (b) Triploid
(c) Tetraploid (d) Haploid
In angiosperms the pollen grain is normally pollinated at
[AMU 2005]
(a) One cell stage(b) Two celled stage
(c) Three celled stage (d) Four celled stage
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below :
(a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
(b) If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false
(d) If both the assertion and reason are false
(e) If the assertion is false but reason is true
Assertion : Angiospermic flowers perform the function of sexual reproduction.
Reason : The male and female reproductive structures are found in the flowers.
[AIIMS 1994]
Assertion : Endosperm is a nutritive tissue and it is triploid.
Reason : Endosperm is formed by fusion of secondary nucleus to second male gamete. It is used by developing embryo.
[AIIMS 1998]
Assertion : In hemianatropous ovule, the funicle lies parellel to body of ovule
Reason : Here, body of ovule has rotated by 90°.
[AIIMS 1999]
Assertion : Many plants are propagated vegetatively even though they bear seeds.
Reason : Potatos multiply by tubers, apple by cutting. [AIIMS 2001]
Assertion : The two cotyledons in seed are embryonic leaves.
Reason : The embryo contains radicle and plumule.
[AIIMS 2002]
Assertion : The megaspore mother cell divide mitotically to produce four spores.
Reason : Megaspore mother cells are diploid and megaspore is haploid. [AIIMS 2002]
Assertion : The embryo which is capable to germinate should have well-developed radicle plumule and one or two cotyledons.
Reason : In the Orobanchaceae and Orchidaceae the embryo never differentiates a true radicle, plumule and cotyledons, but can germinate.
Reason : All four megaspores form female gametophyte.
Assertion : The chalazal cells of the embryo sac is central cell.
Reason : They play nutritive role for embryo sac.
Assertion : The largest cell of the embryo sac is central cell.
Reason : It consists of a fused nuclei.
Assertion : Autogamy is pollination between two flowers on the same plant.
Reason : Xenogamy is pollination between two flowers on different plants.
Assertion : Unisexual flowers have separate male and female flowers.
Reason : Both monoecious or dioecious plants have unisexual flowers.
Assertion : The ovary forms fruit after fertilization.
Reason : The ovary forms parthenocarpic fruits without fertilization.
Assertion : Pollen grain reaches directly to the egg, which is seated deep in the ovarian cavity.
Reason : To effect fertilization, the pollen grains germinate on the stigma.
Assertion : Piper nigrum shows the presence of perisperm.
Reason : The persistent nucellus is called perisperm.
Assertion : Cellular endosperm is formed by both nuclear division and wall formation.
Reason : It lacks haustoria.
Assertion : Proembryo stage is restricted to 2-celled stage.
Reason : It has one basal and one apical cell.
Assertion : Polynology is the study about pollen grain.
Reason : It is also useful in plant taxonomy.
Assertion : Insects visit flowers to gather honey.
Reason : Attraction of flowers prevents the insects from damaging other parts of the plant.
[AIIMS 2004]
Asexual reproduction/Vegetative propagation
1
b
2
b
3
c
4
a
5
a
6
b
7
c
8
c
9
b
10
c
11
d
12
b
13
a
14
c
15
b
16
c
17
d
18
d
19
d
20
c
21
c
22
c
23
a
24
a
25
b
26
d
27
d
28
a
Microsporogenesis
1
b
2
d
3
d
4
b
5
b
6
a
7
b
8
c
9
c
10
b
11
d
12
a
13
b
14
b
15
c
16
b
17
a
18
c
19
d
20
c
21
b
22
c
23
b
24
b
25
b
26
d
27
b
28
b
29
c
30
c
31
a
32
a
33
d
34
a
35
b
36
c
37
d
38
b
39
b
40
a
41
c
42
a
43
d
44
b
45
b
46
a
47
d
48
a
49
d
50
a
51
a
52
c
53
c
54
d
55
d
Megasporogenesis
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
d
5
d
6
a
7
c
8
c
9
a
10
b
11
c
12
b
13
d
14
c
15
a
16
a
17
c
18
c
19
a
20
b
21
b
22
d
23
d
24
b
25
b
26
d
27
c
28
c
29
c
30
d
31
a
32
c
33
c
34
b
35
b
36
d
37
c
38
b
39
a
40
d
41
a
42
d
43
c
44
d
45
a
46
a
47
a
48
c
49
c
50
a
51
d
52
a
Pollination
1
b
2
b
3
a
4
d
5
c
6
c
7
b
8
b
9
b
10
b
11
c
12
b
13
b
14
a
15
c
16
d
17
d
18
d
19
b
20
d
21
b
22
a
23
b
24
d
25
c
26
b
27
b
28
b
29
a
30
a
31
b
32
a
33
a
34
a
35
b
36
a
37
b
38
c
39
c
40
a
41
a
42
b
43
d
44
d
45
b
46
b
47
c
Fertilization
1
d
2
d
3
c
4
c
5
b
6
d
7
c
8
a
9
c
10
d
11
c
12
b
13
d
14
d
15
a
16
d
17
a
18
a
19
d
20
b
21
a
22
a
23
b
24
b
25
d
26
d
27
c
28
d
29
b
30
c
31
a
32
c
33
d
34
a
35
e
36
c
37
d
38
c
39
c
40
c
Embryo and endosperm
1
c
2
d
3
a
4
b
5
d
6
c
7
c
8
a
9
d
10
c
11
c
12
c
13
b
14
c
15
d
16
b
17
b
18
a
19
c
20
c
21
d
22
c
23
c
24
c
25
d
26
c
27
a
28
c
29
a
30
d
31
a
32
b
33
d
34
c
35
b
36
a
37
c
38
d
39
b
40
a
41
c
42
c
43
b
44
b
45
a
Parthenocarpy
1
d
2
a
3
d
4
c
5
b
6
d
7
b
8
b
9
a
10
a
Critical Thinking Questions
1
d
2
a
3
d
4
c
5
c
6
d
7
d
8
a
9
a
10
d
11
b
12
a
13
b
14
d
15
b
16
b
17
c
18
b
19
d
20
b
21
d
22
a
23
b
Assertion and Reason
1
a
2
a
3
e
4
a
5
b
6
e
7
b
8
b
9
c
10
e
11
a
12
d
13
e
14
c
15
c
16
b
17
b
18
e
19
b
20
b
21
e
22
b
23
c
24
e
25
b
26
d
Asexual reproduction/Vegetative propagation
(b) The method of reproduction which do not involve meiosis and fertilization are known as apomixis or asexual reproduction.
(a) Because juvenile phase is primary stage of development of adult plant.
(a) Because seeds possess embryo of new plants
(c) In clone vegetative reproducing structures e.g., corn, bulb, tuber (potato) etc.
(c) Sowing is related with sexual reproduction.
(a) Jasmine is example of mound layering.
(c) Formation of sporophyte (embryo) directly from gemetophyte (synergid or antipodal cell) with fusion of male gamete.
(b) Culture medium contains minerals, vitamin, 2-4% sucrose, amino acid glycine and growth regulators (or banana pulp/ coconut milk/yeast extract).
(c) In adventive embryony embryo arises from diploid sporophytic cells such as nucellus or integuments (other egg) e.g., citrus.
(c) Walking fern (Adiantum caudatum) because its leaf tips when come in contact with soil, form new plants as adventitious buds develop at leaf tips.
(c) Foliar (on the leaf) adventitious buds are formed at place other than nodes.
(b) Stem cutting of atleast one year old stem are employed incase of rose.
Microsporogenesis
(b) The inner intine is thin, delicate and is made of cellulose and pectose.
(d) A typical anther consist of four microsporangia (tetra sporangiate) and such anther is called dithecous.
(d) Microspore mother cells is 2X and on sporic meiosis produces a tetrad of four haploid pollen grains (microspores).
(b) Pollen grains are shed in two-celled stage from the anther i.e., with a vegetative cell and generative cell.
(b) Three to four layers of thin walled cells situated just below the endothecium are known as middle layers.
(b) Inner to epidermis is single layered endothecium.
(a) Extexine is further made up of a continuous foot layer, a discontinuous baculate (baculium) layer tectum.
(c) Endothecium is hygroscopic and helps in the dehiscence of pollen sacs.
(a) At certain places, exine remains unthickened or missing and these places are known as germ pores.
(c) Since one MMC forms four microspore after meiosis, therefore 64 MMC will give rise to 256 microspores.
(c) Pollen grain is partially developed male gametophyte because the rest development completes on stigma when pollen grains start to germinate and produce pollen tube having two male nuclei.
(b) Four pollen grains are formed by one pollen mother cell by meiosis.
(c) Its chief function is the production of enzymes hormones (IAA) and secretion of nutrients for developing pollens.
(b) Tapetum cells are multinucleate (undergo endopoly- ploidy).
(b) The primary parietal cell divides to form 3-5 walls layer i.e., endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.
(b) Tube has a large nucleus which is surrounded by thin sheath of cytoplasm.
(a) In monocots, male gametophyte is formed in pollen grain or microspore.
(d) Pollen grains are not part of ovule.
(a) Meiosis occurs in pollen mother cells of anther.
(b) The mature male gametophyte of angiosperm is 3-celled, 3 nucleated and formed by one meiosis and two mitosis.
(a) Study of pollen grains or microspore is called palynology, a term given by Hyde and Williams
(a) Ubisch bodies secreted by tapetum help in external thickening of exine as these bodies get coated with sporopollenin.
(a) When the sporagium is derived from a single parent cell and the wall is one layered it is called leptosporangiate type.
(d) The cells between middle layer and microsporogenous cells develop into tapetum. Tapetum plays an important role in pollen development by providing nutrition. It is a part of anther wall.
(a) Haploids can be obtained by culturing pollen grains. Only pollen grains are haploids. Root apex, shoot apex and embryo are diploid.
(d) In asclepiadaceae family all microspores of a sporangium form a single body called pollinium.
(a) It is outer most covering of tetrad microspores in microsporangium.
(a) Spore mother cells are diploid. These cells divide meiotically to form haploid spores. It may be micro/megaspores.
(c) Exine is made up of sporopollenine (derived from carotenoid).
(c) The transferance of characters by a male gamete and its influence on endosperm is known as xenia.
(d) Ubisch bodies of lipid nature are also secreted by tapetum.
Megasporogenesis
(a) One megaspore mother cell forms four megaspores, three out of four megaspores degenerate and only one megaspore takes part in the formation of female gametophyte.
(a) Antipodal cells take part in nourishing the embryo. For this, the antipodal cells often develop haustoria.
(d) The diploid megaspore mother cell enlarges in size and divides by meiosis to form a linear tetrad of four haploid megaspores. Megaspore is the first cell of female gametophyte.
(a) 7; the number of chromosomes in root cells is 2n while it is n in synergids because it develops by reductional division.
(c) Endosperm is triploid structure and MMC are diploid structures.
(b) In Asphodelus, the outer integument is curved so that this curved structure is known as caruncle.
(d) After double fertilization the remnants of nucleus of ovule in mature seed is called perisperm.
(c) Female gametophyte embryo sac of ovule develops from megaspore.
(c) In angiosperms, two integuments are found in ovule while in gymnosperms only one integument is found.
(a) Antipodal cells and egg cells are formed by megaspore.
(b) Embryo sac is made up of 8 nuclei which are formed by 3 simple divisions.
(c) Aril is a collar like outgrowth from the base of the ovule and forms third integument. It is present sometimes as in Litchi and Asphodelus or in the form of caruncle in Ricinus (Castor).
(d) Synergids show a filiform apparatus attached to their upper wall. It is known to attract and guide the pollen tube.
(c) In mature embryo sac cells are always seven but nuclei are always eight.
(c) In campylotropus the body of ovule is curved but the embryo sac is straight e.g.,Capsella, Capparis.
(b) The nucleus of megaspore undergoes divisions and give rise to embryo sac or female gametophyte, which is called megagametogenesis.
(a) A Polygonum type of embryo is 7 celled and 8 nucleate where these are 3 antipodals, 2 synergids, one egg cell and one secondary nucleus which is binucleated.
(d) Synergids are formed by megaspore which is a haploid structure. Thus synergids are haploid and possess 6 chromosomes.
(a) Egg apparatus of angiosperm is 3 celled. It has one egg cell and two synergids on either side of egg cell. 3 antiipodal are present on chalazal side. The secondary nucleus is binucleate is present in the centre of embryo sac.
(c) After meiotic division four haploid megaspores are formed. Only one megaspore (haploid) divides mitotically to form embryo sac and other three become disappear or disintegrated.
(d) When the funicle lies parallel to the body of the ovule and micropyle. The body of the ovule has rotated by 180°, the ovule is called anatropous.
(a) All cells in the ovule (integument, nucellus, funicle, hilum) are diploid (2x) but embryo sac (synergids, antipodal cells, egg cell) is haploid.
(a) Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores, on the basis of participation of megaspore nuclei, the development of embryo sac may be monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic.
(a) Ovule with funiculus lying close to micropyle is called anatropus. In camphylotropus and amphitropous funiculus micropyle make an angle of 120° and in atropous they fall in one line.
Pollination
(b) In Dichogamy, when maturation period of male and female gametes is different, then cross pollination is compulsory.
(a) In maize pollination through the agency of wind (anemophilious).
(c) In cleistogamy bisexual flowers never open therefore the pollengrains may only pollinate the stigma of the same flower e.g.,commelinabengalenis (day flower)
(c) Blastophage (gall wasp) is completely dependent upon Ficus cairica (Fig) for survival. The fig is dependent upon this wasp for pollination.
(b) Entomophilous flowers produces a small amount of pollen which has a spinous and sticky exine due to presence of pollenkit.
(b) In wind pollination stigmas are exserted, sticky, hairy or feathery (plumose) or branched to increase receptive area for catching wind borne pollen grains e.g., cereals.
(c) Geitonogamy is the transfer for pollen grains from anthers of one flower to another flower of either the same plant or genetically similar plant or between two clones.
(b) Malacophily is cross pollination brought about by the agency of snails, slugs e.g.,Arisaema (cobra plant).
(b) Dichogamy is the maturation of anther and stigmas of a flower at different times, e.g., sunflower.
(d) Self sterility, herkogamy and dichogamy are adaptation for cross pollination.
(b) Vallisneria is sub merged, dioecius, fresh water plant.
(a) Saliva has turn pipe or lever mechanism for pollination by honey bee.
(b) Chiropterophily is pollination by bats, e.g.,Kigelia africana. Adansonia etc.
(b) Cleistogamy is the process of self pollination.
(b) In Salvia (Sage plant), a member of family Labiatae, pollination occurs by bees and three is a special mechanism called ‘Turn pipe mechanism’ or Lever mechanism of pollination.
(b) Stigmas are exserted, sticky, hairy, feathery or branched to capture the pollen grains.
(a) Feathery stigma is characteristic of wind pollination.
(c) Herkogamy are mechanical devices that prevent self pollination and favour cross pollination even in homogamous flowers.
(a) Anemophillous plants bear small and inconspicuous flowers. The pollen grains are small, light, smooth and dry.
Fertilization
(d) (i – 5), (ii – 2), (iii – 4); number 5, 2 and 4 are respectively egg, integument and micropyle of ovule. They form embryo, testa and micropyle.
(c) Entry of pollen tube into ovule through chalaza e.g.,Casuarina, Juglans. When the pollen tube enters the ovule through microphyle, it is called porogamy.
(c) Progamy is the most common way in angiosperms e.g., Lily.
(b) In mature female gametophyte, 3 antipodal cells, 2 synergids, 1 egg and 1 diploid secondary nucleus are present.
(d) Syngamy is fusion of one of the two male gametes with egg to produces diploid zygote (oospore).
(c) Double fertilization was discovered by Nawaschin, (1898) in Fritillaria and Lilium.
(a) In mesogamy pollen tube penetrates laterally through integuments (Cucurbita) and funiculus (e.g.,Pistacia).
(c) Because in gymnosperms, bryophytes and pteridophytes single fertilization is found.
(d) Because egg is the part of embryo sac.
(c) Pollen tube contains two male gametes, a degenerating tube nucleus and some cytoplasm.
(d) 5 i.e., 2 sperm nuclei, 2 pollen nuclei and one egg nucleus.
(d) Filiform apparatus of synergids has secretes some chemical substance which is polysacchrids in nature. Which attract pollen tube.
(a) Double fertilization is important as it provides for formation of nutritive tissues only when embryo formation is ensured.
(b) In angiosperms, male gametes reach the female gamete with the help of pollen tube. (Strasburger, 1884).
(b) Germination of pollen grains completes on stigma i.e., in vivo. It means in natural conditions or with in the cell.
(d) Pea, bean and Phaseolus seeds are non-endospermic because endosperm is fully consumed during their embryo development. It is an advance character of angiosperm.
(c) Growth of pollen tube towards the embryo sac is chemotaxis because this movement is induce by chemicals like auxin hormone and carbohydrate.
(d) All three types can be route of the pollen tube enters in the ovule as chalazogamy mesogamy and porogamy.
(b) Generative cell divides into two male gametes, If it has not divided already.
(c) Double fertilization is found only in angiosperms. In which secondary nucleus form to triploid cell and egg convert into diploid zygote. Triploid cell to form endosperm and diploid zygote to form embryo.
(a) The pollen tube releases two male gametes, which migrate towards the chalazal end of the degenerated synergid by an unknown mechanism. Gametes discharge at synergid cells.
(c) The formation of sporophyte from gametophytic cell without fertilization is called apogamy.
(a) After fertilization the outer integument forms testa, inner integument forms tegmen and ovary wall forms pericarp.
(c) Endosperm is triploid (3n).
Embryo and Endosperm
(c) Mosaic endosperm has patches of two shade of colours or some part is starchy and other part is sugary e.g., maize grains.
(d) One celled suspensor is found in embryo of Triticum (wheat) and Satittaria.
(c) Because maize and lily are angiosperm plants, in which endosperm is formed by fusion of one diploid polar nucleus and haploid male gamete, thus this tissue is triploid.
(d) In Pinus, both cleavage and simple polyembryony is present.
(c) In Cocos nucifera (coconut) milky endosperm is found in which many nuclei, vitamins and growth hormone e.g., cytokinins, auxin, AG and induced cytokinin is found.
(b) Primary endosperm nucleus is triploid structure which forms endosperm.
(c) Aleurone proteinaceous layer is found in maize, wheat, rice etc.
(d) The endosperm that shows irregular or uneven surface contour is called ruminate endosperm. Ruminate or convoluted endosperm occurs in Areca (Batelnut) and Passiflora.
(c) In maize the outermost layer of endosperm is rich in protein and constitutes the aleurone layer.
(c) Endosperm (result of triple fusion) = 3n = 36
No. of chromosome in root cells is (sporphytic).
(c) Brassica is a angiosperm plant.
(c) Since sunflower is a dicotyledonous plants, so the number of cotyledons in sunflower will be two.
(a) In Agamospermy megaspore mother cells no meiosis persists so all the megaspores remain diploid and later on they develop in diploid embryo sacs.
(d) Growth of diploid nuclear or integument cells into embryos (adventive polyembryony) e.g., Mango.
(a) In angiosperms (citrus) have two or more than two embryos in one seed. It is called polyembryony.
(b) Xenia : The genetical, paternal effect on endosperm of seeds is called as xenia.
(b) Embryogeny is the development of mature embryo from zygote or oospore.
(c) Secondary nucleus form to endosperm in angiosperms. After double fertilization secondary nucleus become triploid and this triploid cell form endosperm.
(d) Xenia means direct effect of the pollen grains on the seeds and fruits, outside the embryo is called xenia. Metaxenia is the effect of pollen grain on the testa and fruit wall. Maize is the classical example of xenia and date palm is an example of metaxenia.
(c) Endosperm in gymnosperm is formed before fertilization and is always haploid.
Parthenocarpy
(d) Banana is natural parthenocarpy fruit formed without fertilization of ova.
(a) When seedless fruits (noble varieties) are produced by the removal of pollination the process is known as parthenocarpy.
(b) In pomegranate, succulent testa is the edible part. Parthenocarpy will make the fruit seedless and thus useless.
(a) Development of the individual from single gamete without fertilization is called parthenogenesis.
(a) Stimulative parthenocarpy occurs with stimulus of pollination e.g., grapes.
Critical Thinking Questions
(a) The greatest advantage of vegetative propagation is that all the plants develop by these method will be genetically similar.
(d) Tapetum, secrete callase enzyme which dissolves callose substances by which four pollens of pollen tetrad are united, hence separating microspores or pollens of a tetrad.
(c) Obturator is an occular structure which directs the growth of pollen tube towards micropyle of ovule. It acts as a type of bridge for pollen tube.
(d) 3 and 4; because 3 number is polar nuclei and 4 number is egg cell and they form endosperm and zygote respectively after fusion with male nuclei.
(a) The movement of pollen tube towards embryosac though style is chemotactic as it secrets pectinases and other hydrolytic enzymes to create a passage for its entry into style.
(b) In porogomy, filiform apparatus of synergids secretes, some chemotropically active substances, which direct the pollen tube towards micropyle of ovule.
(b) The endosperm in gymnosperm is pre-fertilization tissue and haploid in nature but in angiosperms it is post-fertilization tissue and is generally triploid in nature.
(b) Because apomixis is a abnormal kind of sexual reproduction in which egg or other cells associated with egg develop into embryo without fertilization and with or without meiosis.
(d) Juvenility is the first stage of plant just after germination of seed it is a soft and filamentous stage of plants.
(b) Embryo sac have four types of cell, Synergid cells are haploid, Antipodal (haploid) and egg is also haploid another secondary nucleus is diploid before fertilization. So we can say that antipodal cells are haploid.
(d) 12, 36, 24; because pollen grains are haploid while endosperm has triploid chromosome number and integument is diploid in nature.
(a) Secondary nucleus of an embryo sac of angiosperms is diploid because two nucleus comes from each pole to the middle and they becomes fuse.
Assertion and Reason
(a) Angiospermic flowers possess male and female sex organs and perform the sexual reproduction.
(a) In angiosperm, triploid endosperm is formed by fusion of secondary nucleus and second male gamete. This tissue is used by developing embryo.
(e) When funicle lies at right angle to body of ovule and micropyle, the ovule is called hemianatropous or body of ovule has rotated by 90°.
(a) Vegetative reproduction is asexual type of reproduction Potato, Sugarcane, Apple, etc., are multiplied by asexual means.
(b) In angiosperms, cotyledons are embryonic leaves. Embryo also has radicle and plumule which gives rise to root and shoot respectively.
(e) The megaspore mother cell is diploid. This divides by meiotic division and produce four haploid megaspores.
(b) Irrespective of its mode of development a nature embryo generally possesses an embryonic root (radicle) a embryonic shoot (plumule) and one or two cotyledons. However, some groups of plants are characterised by the presence of reduced embryos, lacking the differentiation of these organs, for example, the plants of Balanophoraceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchceae.
(b) The majority of angiosperms bear chasmogamous flowers, which means the flowers expose their mature anthers and stigma to the pollinating agents. There is another group of plants which set seeds without exposing their sex organs. Such flowers are called cleistogamous and the phenomenon cleistogamy.
(c) In nucellar type of endosperm the division of the primary endosperm nucleus and a few subsequent nuclear division are not accompanied by wall formation. So numerous nuclei freely suspended in its sap. In coconut, the primary endosperm nucleus undergoes a number of free nuclear divisions. When the fruit is about 50 mm long before the embryo sac gets filled with a clear fluid in which float numerous nuclei of various sizes. At a later stage (about 100 mm long fruit) the suspension shows in addition to free nuclei, several cells each enclosing variable number of nuclei. Gradually these cells and free nuclei start setting at the periphery of the cavity and layers of cellular endosperm start appearing. This forms the coconut meat. In mature coconuts the liquid endosperm becomes milky and it does not contain free nuclei or cell.
(e) In angiosperm, the nucleus of the second male gamete fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei or diploid secondary nucleus of the central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. In gymnosperms the female gametophyte differentiates before fertilization and is haploid. Therefore, endosperm which is also a part of female gametophyte remains haploid in gymnosperm.
(a) Mepham and Lane have demonstrated that in Tradescantia bracteata the plasmodial cytoplasm derived from the tapetum has callose activity. Shortly before callose degradation starts the cytoplasm of tapetal cells show certain vesicles which are probably associated with callose activity. This suggests that sporophytic tissue, presumably tapteum, is involved in the synthesis of callose enzyme for the release of microspores in a tetrad by degrading the callose wall.
(d) The female gametophyte, also called embryo sac is mostly a 7-called structure. There is a large central cell with two polar nuclei which later fuse to form secondary nucleus. The micropylar end of central cell is occupied by the egg apparatus, comprising an egg cell and two synergids, and at its chalazal end three antipodal cells are present. Cell of the egg apparatus and the antipodal cells are uninucleate and haploid where as the central cell is binucleate or diploid. Thus embryo sac is 7 – celled, 8 – nucleated structure.
(e) Ovule is an integumented megasporangium food in spermatophytes which develops into seed after fertilization. In most plants belonging to the sympetalae with unitegmic tenninucellate ovules, the nucellus degenerates at an early stage of ovule development and the innermost layer of integument becomes specialised to perform the nutritive function for the embryo sac. This specialised tissue, present on either side of the embryo sac, is called endothelium.
(c) The ovules where micropyle comes to lie close to the funiculus due to unilateral growth of the ovule are called anatropous. This is the most common type of ovule in angiosperms. Where the curvature of the ovule also affects the nucellus so that the later becomes horse shoe-shaped the ovule is called amphitropous.
(c) One hypodermal nucellar cell of the micropylar region differentiates the sporogenous cell. It forms a diploid megaspore mother cell or megasporocyte. The megaspore mother cells undergo meiosis and forms a row of four haploid megaspores. Only the chalazal megaspore remains functional megasporeenlarges and gives rise to female gametophyte, also called embryo sac.
(b) The three chalazal cells of the embryo sac are called antipodal cells. They are the vegetative cells of the embryo sac which may degenerate soon or take part in absorbing nourishment from the surrounding nucellar cells. Internally they are connected with the central cell by means of plasmodesmata.
(b) The central cell is the largest cell of the embryo sac. It has a highly vacuolate cytoplasm which is rich in reserve food and Golgi bodies. In the middle the cell contains two polar nuclei which have large nucleoli. The polar nuclei fuse to form a single diploid secondary or fusion nucleus.
(e) Based on the destination of pollen grains, two types of pollination are recognised. When pollen grains are transferred from an anther to the stigma of the same flower the process is called self pollination or autogamy. Cross-pollination is further classified depending on whether the pollination has occurred between two flowers on the same plant (geitonogamy) or between two flowers on different plants (xenogamy).
(b) Unisexual or diclinous flowers means separate male and female flowers. When they are borne by one and the same plant, such a plant is said to be monoecious. When they are borne by two separate plants, they are called dioecious.
(b) After fertilization the ovary begins to grow and gradually matures into the fruit. In some cultivated varieties of oranges, banana, grapes, apples, pineapples and some other fruits the ovary may grow into the fruit without fertilization. Such a fruit is seedless or with immature seeds and is known as the parthenocarpic fruits.
(e) In angiosperms the female gametophyte is seated deep in the ovarian cavity, quite away from the stigma. The pollen (male gametophyte) are normally held at the stigma. In seed plants the male gametes are brought to the egg containing female gametophyte by a pollen tube. a pollen grain does not pass down the stigma. Only its pollen tube does so.
(b) The nucellus is usually consumed by the developing endosperm. However, in certain familes, such as Amaranthaceae, Cannaceae, Capparidaceae, Piperaceae, Portulaceae and Zingiberaceae, the nucellar tissue surrounding the embryo sac persists in the seed and becomes densely packed with food materials. The persistent nucellus is called perisperm. Ninety – five percent of Piper nigrum seed is perisperm.
(c) The cellular endosperm is characterized by the absence of free nuclear stage. The division of the primary endosperm nucleus and a few subsequent nuclear division are followed regularly by wall formation. The occurrence of haustoria is a common feature of this type of endosperm the haustoria may be micropylar or chalazal. Occasionally, both types of haustoria are present in the same plant.
(e) From the 2-celled stage until the initiation of organs the embryo is commonly called proembryo. In the majority of angiosperms the zygote divides transversely, resulting in small apical cell towards the interior of the embryo sac and a large basal cell.
(b) The study of external morphological features of mature pollen grains is referred to as polynology. A schematic illustraion of a pollen grain is called “palynogram”. Different sculpturing patterns on the exine of pollen have proved of much taxonomic value. They usually permit the assignment of an individual grain to the family, often to genus and rarely even to species.
(d) Insect visit flowers to get nectar. The attraction of flower in plants is not to diverge the insect from damaging other part, but to bring about pollination (e., transfer of pollen to the stigma).
(a) Aseptate and multinucleate (b) Septate and multinucleate (c) Aseptate and uninucleate (d) Septate and uninucleate Answer. (b) The mycelium of Aspergillus consist of branch septate hyphae. Cells of hyphae are multinucleate. (184)
(a) Parenchyma (b) Chlorenchyma (c) Plectenchyma (d) Collenchyma Answer. (c) Plectenchyma (Pseudoparenchyma) is nothing but the interwoven mass of fungal mycelium which in cross-section look like parenchyma. (104)
(a) Colletotrichum falcatum (b) Phytophthora infestans (c) Potato mosiac virus (d) Alternaria solani Answer. (b) Late blight of potato is a seed born disease which is caused by Phytophthora infestans. The disease is characterised by brownish to blackish dead areas …
